Evidence-led educational articles about peptide science, laboratory research, study design and current research findings.
A plain-English guide to how liquid chromatography separates a sample, what mass spectrometry adds and why a “99% HPLC” result does not answer every quality question.
HPLC vs LC–MS Explained: What Each Test Can—and Cannot—Establish Read More »
A plain-English guide to reading a Certificate of Analysis, matching it to a batch and separating identity, purity, content and microbiological quality questions.
Certificates of Analysis Explained: Identity, Purity and What a COA Can Prove Read More »
A plain-English laboratory guide to what a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution changes, why pH can affect solubility and stability, and what the stated composition cannot establish.
Acetic Acid Water Explained: Composition, pH and Laboratory Compatibility Read More »
An identity-first review of Adamax explaining why sequence, molecular form and analytical confirmation must be established before biological evidence can be attributed.
Adamax Explained: Why Molecular Identity Must Come Before Mechanism Claims Read More »
A plain-English review of DSIP, from its original rabbit EEG research to very small older human studies and the evidence gaps that remain.
DSIP Explained: Sleep Research, EEG Studies and the Evidence Gaps Read More »
A plain-English review of KPV, its relationship to alpha-MSH, the laboratory and animal research, and why the current evidence does not establish a human outcome.
KPV Explained: Alpha-MSH Fragment Research and the Limits of the Evidence Read More »
A plain-English review of AOD-9604, its relationship to one region of human growth hormone, the incomplete human research programme and the evidence gaps.
AOD-9604 Explained: Growth-Hormone Fragment Research and the Evidence Gaps Read More »
A plain-English review of cagrilintide, amylin signalling and current human research, including why CagriSema combination findings cannot be assigned to cagrilintide alone.
Cagrilintide Explained: Amylin Signalling and the Current Human Evidence Read More »
A plain-English review of SS-31 and elamipretide research, from cardiolipin and mitochondrial signalling to controlled human trials and the limits of evidence transfer.
SS-31 Explained: Mitochondrial Research, Elamipretide and the Evidence Boundaries Read More »
A plain-English evidence review of Epitalon identity, cell-culture telomerase findings, animal lifespan research, sparse human studies and the unresolved longevity claims.
Epitalon Explained: Pineal-Peptide Research, Telomerase Claims and the Evidence Gaps Read More »